Kidney failure, also known as renal failure, is a common and serious health condition that affects both cats and dogs. Understanding the different types and stages of kidney failure, along with their causes, symptoms, and treatment options, is essential for pet owners to provide the best possible care for their furry companions.
Types of Kidney Failure in Cats
There are two types of kidney failure in cats and dogs. Each type differs in causes, treatment options, and prognosis.
1. Acute Renal Failure
If your cat is suffering from acute kidney failure, it means that its kidneys are suddenly unable to function properly. This type of kidney failure occurs suddenly, within days or weeks. If diagnosed in time, acute renal failure can often be reversed.
Acute kidney failure occurs suddenly, It can happen in cats and dogs of any age and typically results from poisons, trauma, infection, organ failure, urethral blockages, dehydration, and other causes. Poisons, such as toxic plants, pesticides, cleaning fluids, and human medications, are the most common cause of acute renal failure.
This type of kidney failure requires immediate veterinary attention and can sometimes be reversible with prompt and intensive treatment.
2. Chronic Kidney Failure
Chronic kidney failure in cats is a gradual condition that typically develops over several months or even years, often due to aging or underlying health conditions. This type of kidney failure is typically caused by autoimmune diseases, cysts in the kidneys, kidney infections, high blood pressure, diabetes, or certain genetic factors like polycystic kidney disease in cats.
Chronic kidney failure is a progressive illness that can lead to total kidney failure, where the kidneys gradually stop working as they lose the ability to filter toxins out of the blood.
Chronic kidney failure develops gradually over time, often due to aging or underlying health conditions. Common causes include kidney infections, high blood pressure, diabetes, or certain genetic factors. Chronic kidney failure is progressive and typically irreversible, requiring long-term management and supportive care.
Stages of Kidney Failure
There are 4 stages of renal disease according to the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) at this point in time. Below are what happens during each stage and how your cat would be cared for.
Stage 1 (mild)
The Pets especially cats has a large amount of protein in the urine, and high blood pressure. At this stage your pet will need:
- Dental care as needed, with IV fluid support (you can prolong life expectancy 2-3 years if your cat does not develop periodontal disease)
- Blood and urine testing at least annually
- Calcitriol therapy to replace the active Vitamin D that the kidneys are no longer producing enough of
- Appropriate medication if the pet has high blood pressure and/or protein in the urine
- Fatty acid supplementation (fish oil) to decrease inflammation inside the kidneys
- Consider an abdominal X-ray to look for kidney stones
Stage 2 (moderate)
At this stage, your cat's urine will no longer be concentrated and they will need all items in Stage 1 plus:
- Blood pressure, blood, and urine testing twice yearly
- Supplementary potassium may be necessary
- Start a kidney disease diet
- Medication to decrease blood pressure within the kidneys
Stage 3 (severe)
Stage 3 will consist of all components of stages 1 and 2 in addition to:
- A probiotic supplement that helps to trap nitrogen waste products in the intestine
- Blood testing every 3-6 months, urine testing at least annually
- Phosphorus binder medication if phosphorus level climb
- Control side effects of uremia if needed (including nausea, vomiting, and GI ulcers), with medication
Stage 4 (end stage)
Pets in stage 4 will require everything from stages 1-3 as well as:
- Blood pressure and blood testing every 3 months, urine testing at least twice a year
- Anemia treatment as required
Conclusion
Kidney failure is a challenging condition for both pets and their owners. Understanding the type and stage of kidney failure, along with its causes, symptoms, and treatment options, is crucial in providing the best possible care. Early detection, proper management, and ongoing veterinary support can significantly improve the quality of life for cats and dogs affected by this condition. Pet owners should always consult their veterinarians for tailored advice and treatment plans based on their pet's specific needs and circumstances.
